Our annual ski traverse was again planned for early April, about the only time available for each of the four participants. So with ski hill closing at Red, we drove from Rossland to Rogers Pass, dropped a car at the finish, and retreated to Ferguson, a tiny community near Trout Lake to begin a mighty traverse of the Southern Selkirks. Our plan was to climb in through the Badshot and Battle Ranges, up, over Grand Mtn and into Glacier National Park to the highway. We took food for 9 days, plus emergencies, hoped the weather forecast would improve and slid off on a clear day up Ferguson Creek.

The first day was a 10 hour slog up Ferguson and Coon Creeks, up onto Boyd Glacier. With tired legs we skied a fine, boot-deep, north facing decent to the junction of Boyd and Carbonate King Creeks. Stew and I slept in a Hilleberg Nammatj 2, while Andrew and Jordy shared a Bibler Eldorado. We busted out our dehydrated meals and down booties and prepared for a cold night.

A few inches of snow fell during sleep but cleared before breaking camp. We set a quick pace up the steep forested slopes of Carbonate King, wrapped around a steep east face in challenging visibility, and dropped 3000 feet into the deep Westfall valley. Two more hours of trail breaking found us at the headwaters of the Westfall beneath the stunning Scylla Glacier and an amphitheatre of powder terrain.

Sometime around dinner snow began to fall, quietly but steady and a slight trepidation entered my head. I was kept awake but the sounds of accumulating snowfall, feeling the unease that would unravel in the morning. The plan was to climb high through the Scylla, drop an exposed, north face to Oasis Lake then immediately climb a steep west face over Oasis Pass into Houston Creek and the back side of the Battle Abbey. When the first rays of the morning lit the sky, my worst fears had materialized. 12 inches of new snow sat around camp with potentially twice as much in higher, windloaded slopes. This day was the crux of the tour, the most exposed to avalanches and probably suicidal in the drifting whiteout skies. We climbed to the foot of the slope to gain further clarity but a consensus amongst the group was to wait an extra day at camp and hopefully find clearer skies and settled stability. With powder all around we found a treed, north facing slope across the valley where could lap waist deep powder lines, the deepest runs of the season.

The next day showed no improvement in the weather and more overnight snowfall. I would like to think that the decision to bail was difficult. But the potential for avalanches was far too high for me, at least, with risk from above and 3 steep slopes to contend with just on this day alone. Trail breaking too was exhausting and so we all reluctantly agreed to return to Ferguson. The route up to Carbonate King Pass was too dangerous so we found a safer way route up McDonald Creek, through the backbone of the Badshots. The return trip took 2 days of slow touring, threading our way beneath overhead hazard. The decent into Galena Creek was fantastic with clear skies and velvet snow. And although we had failed, again, to complete our grand traverse, we took pleasure in the five great days of touring we did have and perhaps, in the potential for what might have been.

Week long, and multi-week long ski traverses through remote, glaciated terrain appears lunacy to many people. However, to some ski tourers the thought of crossing mountain ranges on skis is the highlight of the year, a grand adventure, with similar planning, commitment and drive required to a high altitude peak. Canada's province of British Columbia abounds in some of the greatest, most spectacular ski traverses on the planet. Here is a selection of some of the finest.

Northern Selkirk Traverse

10-18 Days

Rogers Pass to Mica Creek

A logical passage through the super rugged, snow-caked Nth Selkirks, with 2 awesome huts. The route passes through the Adamants and next to Mt Sir Sanford as well as many other icefields and deep valleys.

Jordan Range Traverse

6-8 Days

Revelstoke (Jordan R) to Downie Creek

A concentrated group of high peaks and glacial bowls in the Mid-Monashee Mountains offers some of the finest skiing available. The lack of roads and a crossing of Lake Revelstoke keeps numbers low, but the terrain at the head of Frisby Creek will always attract adventurous skiers.

Lillooet Range Traverse

12-18 Days

Tchaikazan River to Meager Creek

The closest, large icefield to Vancouver, the Lillooet Traverse follows the divide of the Coast Mtns over high, glaciated terrain, with the possibility of many fine ski descents.

Bugaboos to Rogers Pass Traverse

9-12 Days

Bugaboo Glacier to Rogers Pass

Possibly the most famous of the grand traverses and the earliest completed (1958), the Bugs to Rogers Traverse travels through breathtaking terrain across several icefields and wild passes.

McBride Range Traverse

6-10 Days

Tuwasus Creek to Rubble Creek

A classic Coast Mtn traverse that sees dozens of ski parties each spring, due to gorgeous ski terrain and easy accessibility. The McBride Range has many options of entry/exit, with most using the Whistler/Blackcomb-Spearhead option.

Gold Range Traverse

7-9 Days

Bear Paw Lake to Mt. Macpherson

An outstanding natural route along the Monashee divide west of Upper Arrow Lake. The terrain is rugged and remote with difficult route-finding but incredibly scenic.

Southern Cariboo Traverse

9-14 Days

Tete Creek to Miledge Creek

Crossing the eastern corner of the Cariboo Range, the more popular of the Cariboo traverses travels through the stunning Premier Range - the high peaks, with vast glaciation and tremendous alpine wilderness.

Southern Purcell Traverse

7-10 Days

Dewar Creek to Toby Creek

Although lacking the immense icefields of other traverses, the Sth Purcells excel in superb ski descents, majestic peaks and the protection of the Purcell Wilderness Conservancy.

Valhalla Traverse

6-8 Days

Hoder Creek to Shannon Creek

An almost mythical aura shrouds the Valhalla Range in B.C.'s Sth Selkirks, where a dramatic landscape of sub-alpine lakes, granite spires and steep, snowy slopes make this a much sort-after Kootenay traverse.

Monarch-Ha-iltzuk Traverse

20-30 Days

Nusatsum River to Klinaklini River

The grand daddy of B.C.'s recognised ski traverses travelling through some of the wildest, remotest, most glaciated ski terrain in the province. Rarely completed due to challenging logistics and committing nature, this enormous region of the Coast Mtns is waiting for its next foolhardy soul.

I'd almost given up on skiing for the season after spending the past month soaking up the warmth of Southern Australia. Most people in town where I live have taken up biking as their regular activity. I wasn't, however, able to say goodbye just yet and was determined to make some final turns in the still plastered local mountains.

On a warm Saturday morning I toured up onto Mt. Plewman with my brother, dressed lightly in Capilene for the climb. It had snowed an inch or two overnight and the mix of sun and cloud made conditions hazardous for balling up. I'd used BD Glop Stopper in preparation but this stuff appears to have an effective lifespan of about an hour, and was cursing before the first headwall.

We crested Mt Plewman (2241m) in gorgeous sunshine and studied the steep 'Birthday Chutes', our intended ski. Stewart was eager  to drop in, but I was less so. To me, the challenged seemed greater than the reward and so we skied off the south face, a moderately angled pitch that accessed another minor peak in the range. Turns came easily in the 3-4cms of fresh. And even though the descent was over quickly, it was wonderful to be up in the alpine again. It will be a long, slow 6 months to follow.

It was with ample trepidation that I entered my first, ever rando race, held March 6th, at the annual Coldsmoke festival, convenient located at Whitewater Resort (1hr away). My brother was the instigator, promising a bounty of prizes and a chance to participate in something highly competitive for a change. I was told to arrive in fancy dress, as this would attract even greater swag, but was fortunately told the night before that this was a mistake, as racing up a few mountains with a dress on only added to my worries.

Saturday dawned with clear skies and spring-like temperatures, perfect touring conditions. I arrived at Whitewater with family in tow, and proceeded to make my way to the starting line in quest to absorb as much in 15 minutes to at least give the impression that I knew what I was doing. It was immediately apparent amongst the competitors milling around the start, who were serious in the art of racing and those who just feeling the waters. The alarming disparity between the lycra-clad, trab skiing racers and the regular, if not highly passionate, ski tourers in looser soft shells and wider, heavier planks.

The race itself was painfully brutal, 2.5 hours of lung busting racing with my heart rate never dropping below 80%. It began with a sprint up a groomer with a quick change to downhill mode. My transitions were slow and awkward, compared to the lycra bunch who seemed to peel off their skins and step in downhill mode in one, fluid motion. Nevertheless, I passed a dozen racers on the skate and proceeded to gain places on the long uphill towards Evening Ridge. Due to cold overnight temps, the skin track was slick and icy and alarmingly steep, not what I expected. The ensuing descent was on frozen corn but my Head 95 OB skis and Megarides out-muscled the lighter crew and I was in the top 10 for the last final climb up to Ymir Shoulder. The last 2000 ft climb was sadistically tortuous, very steep with no switchbacks, on the side of a black groomer. As I crested the crux through a short bump field I was a pitiful mess, drunk-like in my movements, frothing from the mouth and cursing at anyone who'd listen. If it weren't for the horde of wild dogs behind me I would have willfully chosen to lie to in the snow and gone to sleep.

The rest of the race was a blur although I do remember a moment of wonder when my skis sliced through some old powder on the final descent to the base. My brother passed me somehow during the last few minutes but all I could think about was the end to all this suffering. It was honestly that bad and unlike any touring I'd previously done. In the past, ski touring has always felt so effortless, gliding uphill at an equitable pace were the surrounding winter landscape can be appreciated. This has nothing to do with rando racing.

I have no idea of my final placing. To this day, there appears no results from the race posted. In fact, the entire organization appeared haphazard and an afterthought. If it weren't for the glorious weather, my memories of the entire event would probably be negative and agonising. But after 3 weeks of recovery, all I can now say is that it was an experience, and one in which I hopefully will never repeat.

At 8378ft (2554m), Airy Mtn is hardly a giant of the mountain world, but it is one of the high peaks of the West Kootenays and offers gorgeous ski terrain. Andrew Gross and I toured into Airy and the Norns Range on the first day of February to attempt the SE Face. We reached Shaker Cabin in 3.5hrs from the road, dropped off our gear and climbed high to the shoulder of Little Airy for an afternoon run in variable conditions. The following day brought clear skies and light winds, which made skinning fast and views magnificent.

Andrew set a burly up-track directly up the main face and 2hrs after leaving the cabin we were perched at the summit. Avie danger was low to non-existent, with no new snow in 2 weeks and we tentatively made slow arcs down a series of rollovers into the main bowl. Snow conditions were tricky with patches of old powder occupying a predominantly wind crusted face. Nevertheless, the descent was first-rate, exciting, spectacular and insatiably long. The 10km logging road back to the car went by in a flash and another peak on the list to do was ticked off in style.

Skiing has probably been the most significant event in my life, accounting for more time than all the years of employment or schooling. I've skied on most continents, climbed high peaks in foreign lands, acquired a decent stack of season passes and have chased winters at many of the world's great ski locations. And throughout the years I've gathered rich memories, some of which are more fond than others.

Best Skiing Experience

Nothing prepared me for the wonder and awe that surrounded me during a cold and snowy, 3 weeks in St Anton, in January 2002. Enormous, delectable mountains rose above quaint Tyrolean villages, still clinging to their agrarian ways. Gorgeous woman in fur coats walked the streets. Charming bakeries sat next door to fine jewelers, and dark, Belgium ales poured from most bars throughout the valley. But foremost was the incredible skiing that has made the  Arlberg recognizable throughout the world. Beyond the 83 lifts and miles of marked runs lies an off-piste paradise. The Rossfall, Maroi, Himmelegg, Valluga Nord and Gamsroute served up the best turns of the year. 60cm fell one night and the memory of bouncing turns down an untracked Gstansboden with St Anton below me can still shake my head in disbelief. It was quite simply, the best skiing of my life.

Best Powder Experience

There was a time when I was completely fixated on skiing powder in profuse quantities. This eventually led me to Grand Targhee, Wyoming.

I spent a bitterly cold winter in Targhee in 1996/97, 2 months of which involved shivering in a snowcave on the edge of the parking lot. But each day the resort and surrounds was pummeled in fresh, deep pow, most runs were chokers and any grumbling I had regarding my accommodation instantly dissolved after my first face shot of the morning. One storm dropped 36" (90cm) on the first day, 18" on the second, and 16" on the third. It is still the deepest snow I've encountered, submarining down the fall- line, arms above my head with a slight roll of the ankle to turn. At the end of the winter and 120+ full days under my belt, I was convinced that no-one on earth had skied more powder than me that year.

As an adventurous individual, who has skied throughout the world, and often alone, I can count the times on one hand where death was imminent. The closest, for sure, was a cold day in February 02 where I plummeted from the summit of Old Glory in a wave of moving snow. I experienced that grave feeling of fighting desperately for breath while also sensing that those could very well be my last remaining seconds on Earth.

To quickly recount the day's events; a friend Steve and I decided to post-hole up the steep East Face of Old Glory in rapidly deteriorating weather. Old Glory is the highest and gnarliest peak in the Rossland Range, which isn't saying much as most peaks are mere hills compared to the glaciated mountains to the north and east. I had crampons on with skis on my back and I led the way up through some small cliffs and a few minor ridges. Steve was far below and must have been suffering without crampons of his own. The wind was howling and creating its own little maelstrom. I crested the worst of the terrain and could see the summit hut a short 50 feet away over an open 30 degree slope. Remembering it all now, I made the ill-fated decision to follow a firm wind-lip that looked shallower than the knee-thigh deep terrain below. I was in the middle of a living-room size expanse which fracture at the top and slid out as one cohesive slab. I tried to jump up and above it but it was too large and moving fast.

The avalanche to the bottom of Old Glory probably lasted only 20 seconds but I can recall mostly everything about it. I remember the cliffs that I bounced over and how I fought against the slide by trying to force my legs into the ground and let it flow past. But mostly, I fought for breath. Like a surfer under a wall of water, I sensed where the surface was by degrees of light and dark. I was probably tumbling backwards like a ball under the snow and poked my head out on one revolution and grabbed a mouthful of air.

The avalanched broke up and dissipated as it encountered flatter terrain at the base of the mountain and I floated to the surface; ending in an armchair position with snow up to my chest. My face was battered from either the snow of rocks and there was blood splattered throughout the snow, but the worst injury was my knee where I tore my meniscus. I toured and skied out of there on one ski and whimpered back home. I spent the entire next month on the couch.

From mid Jan till mid March, 8 weeks without a drop of snow. A typical prime time for the West Kootenays turns into a devastating drought period. The ski hill turned into an enormous bump field and rock garden while the backcountry morphed into something more common seen on the moon. The best we could find was the odd slope of soft corn on the warm, south faces and strive for a decent set of raccoon eyes.

Its easy to forget when a few years pass with regular snowfalls, but that mid winter of 2005  will be forever etched in my mind as the time I learned to love hardpack.

Rogers Pass is a long, and quite taxing 6+ hour drive from Rossland. Its a mountainous journey that follows the Southern Selkirks all the way up to Revelstoke, and then a further hour east to the Pass. The mountains around the Pass are higher, gnarlier and more abundant than anything we view on the drive and the boredom of being behind the wheel is quickly erased and forgotten when Rogers approaches.

On this trip it was just Stewart and I. We climbed up the Illecillewaet Glacier, summited Youngs Peak from east, and skied a wild, wind-crusted 'Seven Steps of Paradise' down to the Asulken Cabin, where we rolled out our sleeping bags. The following day was overcast and windy so we toured across and up Dome Glacier for some easy, knee deep turns back down the Dome. That night we camped in the van, cooking a some pasta and sauce on the MSR and soaked our bones in the Hotel's hot tub. We awoke the following morning to find 15cms of fresh on the van and it still snowing hard. With the avie danger increased, we drove down to Bostock Creek and toured up to McGills Shoulder for some great skiing in the open glades back down to the creek. The snow was up to our thighs and stability excellent as we lapped our skin track a few times and shouted in glee at the near perfect conditions, as it is so often at the Pass.

Kokanee Provincial Park's reputation as a backcountry skiing mecca has traveled far beyond the boundary of the West Kootenay, where it is located. In fact, the number of skiers wishing to stay in the Park's palatial cabin is so great that a lottery system was established to deal with the over-demand. There is nothing prohibiting you from snow camping inside the park however, and if you're willing to endure a long day slogging up forestry roads and beneath threatening avie slopes, you will be rewarded with a free, powder bounty. Snowmobiles can alleviate much of the mind-numbing plod up to the Park's entrance at Gibson Lake,  but from there to the foot of the Kokanee Glacier is a further 5+ hours of skinning through serious avalanche terrain.

Phatru Ridge Gondola in Solang (Upper Kullu Valley) is open and expecting to take its first skiers this December.

Details are almost impossible to find, but it is now a reality that a 8 seater gondola operates from the top field of Solang up onto Phatru Ridge (forested slope in photo). The grand opening was in June 2010, where summer tourists where the first to use the lift, however, its primary focus is as a winter ski center. It appears that A Power Himalayas, a small, hydro-power company (part of the H.P based Regency Power Group) has funded the project in some trade-off with the government for allowances to implement hydro projects on the Solang and Beas Rivers. They are also responsible for the transmission line and 33KV Grid at Palchan.

The gondola itself was made by the French company Poma, with 18 - 8 passenger cabins running from Solang 2600m to 3000m. The ridgeline behind Solang is often called Phatru Ridge (Tour 10 in the book), which was always a popular boot-packed zone in winter. The terrain on Phatru isn't extensive although conceivably, one can hike further up the ridge and add to the gondola's commendable vertical, but the initial media release stated a measly 4.6acres of skiable land available. I would imagine that there has been very little cleared forest or any formal ski runs made, but from personal experience the forest was wide-spaced oak and conifers with abundant natural lines. The terrain is largely east to north facing with the Dhundi Road to collect anyone who strays to much to the north. Without knowing anything further, I cannot answer questions regarding lift prices, hours of operation, ski patrol, closed terrain etc but keep in mind that it is India and it is their first year. It definitely will not be another Gulmarg, but having a 1200ft gondola available on those days when it is puking out will be incredible. What an awesome time to be in the Kullu.

There was no doubt that a wave of disappointment washed over me as our group cancelled our ambitious traverse of the Gold Range. No matter how much I desired a chance to begin, conditions weren't co-operating at all, with a series of cold, winter storms pummeling the alpine and high avalanche danger forecasted. April just wasn't the month for a traverse of this nature, even though I had 4 months of preparation and 3 weeks of freedom at my disposal.

We waited an anxious week in Rossland for the weather to show signs of improving, and while the local ski hill closed operations it became more and more obvious that there would be phenomenal powder skiing to be had if we could just change our plans. So in a matter of 24 hours we switched all focus from traveling light and fast, to a stationary basecamp where we could explore big mountains with the weighty luxuries of an added cook tent and extra food. What we hadn't counted on, however, was that we were headed into the eye of the biggest storm of the season.

farm pass, bostock pass

Stewart, Jordie, Andrew and I left the Trans-Canadian in the early afternoon bound for a treeline camp at Farm Pass in the Northern Selkirks. We broke trail in a blizzard, requiring a GPS and compass for direction. The higher we climbed the deeper the trailbreaking became. As we crested the pass, flakes falling from the sky at an inch an hour, and we were taking leads of 50 - 100m before exhaustion set in as we wallowed in deep, light pow. This wasn't April conditions at all.

The next day we woke to 20cms of new snow overnight on perhaps 40cms yesterday, on top of whatever lay beneath. Trail breaking became an arduous, hip-destroying test of persistence and will, requiring military-like tactics. It was the deepest any of us had encountered all year and triggered memories of those rare, insane days we've all encountered in the past. Snow flakes continued to spew from the sky as we waded sluggishly uphill. Plans of mission ascents quickly evaporated in the knowledge that everything would take 3-4 times in length in what it should take to achieve. Our world had become a whole lot smaller in a day I will always remember as trench warfare.

I cannot understate the difficulty I had obtaining accurate and detailed maps when I wrote the guidebook for the Kullu Valley. Over the course of a decade, I accumulated a stack of maps (mostly trekking) for the region that where vague, unclear and filled with erroneous facts and figures. I spent close to a year drawing my own, based largely on my adventures and recordings I made in the field. But within 2 years of publication, the most incredible mapping resource emerged on the internet - Google Earth.

Google Earth, based on satellite photography, became instantly one of the most valuable and perhaps, distracting tools for the modern day explorer. I have since spent hours, more likely, days perusing through the glaciers and snowfields of the world, mapping vast valley systems, finding remote peaks and always adding gradually to my next planned trip. But I will never forget the first time I cruised over the Pir Pinjal and saw the peaks of the Solang Valley, the Rohtang, Manali and the rest of the Kullu ski universe. My jaw dropped in sheer astonishment as questions of topography were finally answered. And although Google Earth demystifies for what many consider an integral part of ski touring in foreign lands (exploration), it is simply too intoxicating, too gorgeous and far too useful to be ignored.

The first (top) image is the heart of the Kullu Valley ski country, from Jagatsukh, to the Rohtang and the Chandra River. Note that almost all of Google Earth imagery, as far as I can tell, is taken during summer months. The second or middle image shows the two highest peaks in the Kullu watershed, that of Indrasan 6221m and Deo Tibba 6001m. The Jabri Nala Valley is on the right. The final (above) image is another shot of the Kullu Valley but far broader in reach and taken from possibly 30 km in altitude. The town of Kullu would be at the bottom edge centre, while the white peaks of Lahaul occupy the top right. Every tour described in the guidebook can be found within this image. Note the verdant colors of the valley bottoms and the delightful ring of spines and peaks that crown the north/south running Beas River. No wonder the Kullu is so special. Thankyou Google Earth. I just wish that you were around when I wrote my book.

A group of local diehards have made skiing Old Glory a tradition for Canada Day. Old Glory is the highest peak in the Rossland Range (2376m) and by far the most alpine in appearance and scale. It is also by virtue of its size and position the holder of the last remaining skiable snow, with the north chutes presenting a steep, connected line.

Some thought biking in with skis/boots on back to be added fun, so in 30C degree heat and a 7am start, we rode 7km to the base of Old Glory, where most deposited the bike and scrambled up steep scree slopes to the summit. The Goat chutes were prime, firm but with an inch of softness on top and ran for 1000 feet before encountering rock.

The first few turns off the top made most nervous at a reasonable 50+ degree headwall and with thoughts that a fall would undoubtedly result in hospitalization or worse. But the middle and lower sections were just plain dreamy where corn snow sprayed over the rocks and the sounds of hissing skis and howls of laughter were infectious.

Boot-packing back up the chute was a 30 min lesson in front pointing. Notice the two tiny figures in the centre of the photo. To me, climbing the airy exposure of the last 30 feet far eclipsed any anxiety whilst skiing. Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed the day. It was fantastic to be skiing again and combined with the weather, the views, company and biking, it made for a memorable Canada Day.

In a rather spontaneous decision by the events team at Red Resort, a ridiculously brief ski touring race was held on a sunny Saturday morning in March. It was the first rando race ever at Red and with almost no advertising or promotion and the vaguest of information I was stunned that seven people entered, five more than I predicted.

The course climbed the 'Red Top' summer bike trail to Dales Trail, then followed the cat road to Sally's Alley where it rose steeply to the top of Red. Participants tossed their skins at the top of Cliff then pointed it down the Face to the base for a roughly 2 minute ski descent. Most competitors finished in around 40 minutes with the winner taking only 36 minutes in all.

Despite my typical cynicism towards another half-baked idea with flippant execution, I found myself enjoying the hour of hard exercise and even scornful at the mistakes I made along the way. Perhaps, more than anything else though, was the feeling of wanting more. Something longer, with greater challengers, away from the cat tracks and groomers with skiers hurtling towards you. Oh well, there is always next year.

I've skied in the Kootenays for almost 20 years and have explored much of the prime touring terrain. However, this area is so vast and limitless, that there are entire ranges that have escaped my presence and pockets that exist only as stories or words on a page. Glacier Creek is one such example and the ring of ski touring Utopia that lords above it. Fortunately, I had a chance to visit this area on a grey, drizzling day at the end of March this year and snatched a glimpse of what I've been missing for all these years.

Our destination was the NE glacier off Truce Mtn, which required a 44km sled ride to reach. To say that we could achieve all this in a day from my home in Rossland would be ludicrous, but that's exactly what we did. After 3 hours of being towed, water-ski style to the end of the road, then a slow, 3 hours of trail-breaking, we reached a plateau below the final summit of Truce Mtn and prepared for the longest and almost deepest run of my life.

The skiing was superb, face-shot every turn on the upper headwall, with periods of sun and knee-deep through the lower glacier. Giggling was contagious amongst Dave, Stewart and I, as we bounced and swooped our way back to our sled, always conscious of the disappearing time and the exhaustive journey still to come.

Dave and I grabbed our respective ropes and with a bike tire around our waists, we were towed back down Glacier Creek, past the turnoff to Jumbo and down into the dark depths of the valley. By the time we reached the truck our legs were cramping and minds shot and I was dribbling like I was spastic. I had just skied a 55km run, albeit 75% tow assisted. I was wet, cold and crippled but awestruck in what I had seen and gratified in the effort we'd made.